Palmetto Peptides Complete Guide to the Research Peptide CJC-1295
Palmetto Peptides Complete Guide to the Research Peptide CJC-1295
CJC-1295 is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog developed for laboratory research use. It is designed to activate the GHRH receptor on pituitary cells, stimulating growth hormone (GH) secretion. CJC-1295 exists in two research variants: one with a Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) modification that dramatically extends its half-life, and one without (often called Mod GRF 1-29) that produces shorter, more pulsatile responses. Both are used exclusively in preclinical research contexts, including animal models and in vitro studies.
Research Disclaimer: CJC-1295 is a research chemical intended strictly for laboratory and scientific investigation. It is not approved by the FDA for human or veterinary use. All content on this page is for educational and informational purposes only. Palmetto Peptides supplies research-grade peptides exclusively to qualified researchers and laboratories in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Nothing here should be interpreted as medical advice or a recommendation for any clinical application.
What Is CJC-1295? A Researcher's Starting Point
If you're new to the world of GHRH analogs, here's the plain-language version: your body naturally produces a signaling molecule called growth hormone-releasing hormone, or GHRH. This molecule travels from the hypothalamus (a region deep in the brain) to the pituitary gland and essentially tells it to release growth hormone. The problem with natural GHRH is that it breaks down in the bloodstream within a matter of minutes, which limits its usefulness as a laboratory research tool.
CJC-1295 was engineered to solve that problem. Developed by the Canadian biotechnology company ConjuChem in the early 2000s, it takes the biologically active core of GHRH and modifies it structurally to resist the enzymes that would normally degrade it. The result is a GHRH analog that stays active far longer in research models, making it far more practical for studying how growth hormone secretion works, what controls it, and what happens downstream when it's elevated.
The compound has since become one of the most referenced GHRH analogs in the preclinical research literature, cited in studies examining everything from pituitary cell biology to body composition in animal models.
The Science Behind CJC-1295: How It Was Built
Starting Point: GHRH(1-29)
Scientists discovered in the 1980s that only the first 29 amino acids of the full 44-amino acid GHRH molecule are needed for full biological activity at the GHRH receptor. This truncated fragment, called GHRH(1-29), became the template for analog development, including sermorelin and eventually CJC-1295.
The challenge was that GHRH(1-29), like the full-length peptide, is rapidly cleaved by an enzyme called dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV targets a specific bond near the front of the GHRH chain (between positions 1 and 2), and once that bond is cut, the peptide loses its ability to activate the GHRH receptor.
The Four Substitutions That Changed Everything
CJC-1295 incorporates four amino acid substitutions in the GHRH(1-29) sequence (hence the term "tetrasubstituted"). The most important is the replacement of alanine at position 2 with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), a modified amino acid with an extra methyl group that physically blocks DPP-IV from attaching. The other substitutions reinforce stability at other vulnerable points in the chain.
The result is a peptide that still binds the GHRH receptor with high affinity but survives in circulation far longer than native GHRH or first-generation analogs like sermorelin.
The DAC Addition: Taking Half-Life from Minutes to Days
ConjuChem added one more innovation to the stability-enhanced backbone: a reactive group called maleimide attached to a lysine residue. This maleimide group is designed to bond covalently to a specific spot on serum albumin (a protein that circulates in the blood with a half-life of roughly 19 days in humans).
When CJC-1295 with DAC enters a biological system, it binds albumin and essentially hitchhikes on it. The albumin acts like a slow-release reservoir, gradually releasing biologically active CJC-1295 peptide over days. This is the mechanism behind the dramatically extended half-life of the DAC variant.
CJC-1295 With DAC vs. Without DAC: Which Is Which?
This is the question researchers encounter almost immediately when sourcing CJC-1295, and it matters enormously for experimental design.
| Feature | CJC-1295 With DAC | CJC-1295 Without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | ~3,647 Da | ~3,367 Da |
| DAC Albumin Binding | Yes (covalent) | No |
| Estimated Half-Life (animal models) | 2 to 8 days | 20 to 30 minutes |
| GH Release Pattern | Sustained, tonic elevation | Acute, pulsatile |
| IGF-1 Response Duration | Days | Hours |
| DPP-IV Resistance | High | Moderate |
| Common Research Use | Chronic GH axis stimulation, longitudinal studies | Acute GH pulse studies, combination research |
The no-DAC variant (sometimes called Mod GRF 1-29 or Modified GRF 1-29 in the literature) is the version researchers reach for when they want to model pulsatile GH secretion, which more closely mirrors the natural episodic pattern of endogenous GHRH. It's also the variant most commonly used in combination studies alongside GH secretagogues like ipamorelin.
The DAC variant is preferred when sustained, multi-day GH axis stimulation is the goal, such as in longitudinal animal model studies examining body composition changes, IGF-1 normalization in GH-deficient models, or chronic receptor stimulation experiments.
How CJC-1295 Works: The Mechanism Step by Step
Understanding how CJC-1295 produces its effects in research models requires a brief tour of the pituitary gland's signaling machinery. Here's how it unfolds, in plain terms:
Step 1: Receptor Binding at the Pituitary
CJC-1295 binds to the GHRH receptor (GHRHR) on pituitary somatotroph cells. These are the specialized cells in the anterior pituitary gland whose entire job is to make and release growth hormone. The GHRHR belongs to a class of cell-surface proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are essentially molecular switches that activate internal cell signaling when something binds to them from outside.
Step 2: The cAMP Cascade
When CJC-1295 activates the GHRHR, the receptor triggers a chain reaction inside the cell involving a messenger molecule called cyclic AMP (cAMP). Rising cAMP levels activate a protein called protein kinase A (PKA), which then has two important jobs:
- Turns on GH gene transcription: PKA activates a protein called CREB, which tells the cell's DNA to produce more growth hormone protein. This is how CJC-1295 supports ongoing GH synthesis, not just immediate release.
- Opens calcium channels: PKA also opens calcium channels in the cell membrane, flooding the cell with calcium ions. Calcium is the trigger for the next step.
Step 3: GH Exocytosis
The rush of calcium into the somatotroph cell triggers exocytosis, the process by which secretory granules fuse with the cell membrane and dump their contents (growth hormone) into the bloodstream. This is the immediate GH release component of CJC-1295's effect in research models.
Step 4: Downstream IGF-1 Production
Growth hormone released into circulation travels to the liver, where it binds GH receptors on liver cells (hepatocytes). This activates a signaling pathway called JAK2/STAT5, which drives production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 is the main biomarker researchers track in CJC-1295 studies because it reflects cumulative GH axis activity over time and is far more stable in the bloodstream than GH itself.
Step 5: Negative Feedback
IGF-1 also signals back to the hypothalamus and pituitary to dial down further GH production, maintaining the regulatory balance of the axis. This negative feedback loop is preserved even during CJC-1295 administration in research models, which is part of why pulsatile GH secretion is maintained even with sustained GHRHR stimulation.
CJC-1295 Pharmacokinetics: Half-Life, Clearance, and Why It Matters for Research Design
Pharmacokinetics describes how a compound moves through a biological system over time. For CJC-1295, PK is particularly important because the two variants produce such different activity windows.
Native GHRH vs. CJC-1295: A Dramatic Difference
Native GHRH has a plasma half-life of roughly 2 to 4 minutes. DPP-IV cleaves it almost immediately. Sermorelin, the first-generation GHRH(1-29) analog, is similarly short-lived at 1 to 2 minutes. CJC-1295 without DAC extends this to approximately 20 to 30 minutes, a meaningful improvement. CJC-1295 with DAC, through albumin binding, extends it to 2 to 8 days depending on species, a roughly 10,000-fold improvement over native GHRH.
What This Means for Experimental Design
The choice of variant directly shapes what your experiment can measure:
- If you want to study what happens immediately when the GHRH receptor is activated (acute GH pulse dynamics, receptor sensitivity, immediate signaling), the no-DAC variant is the right choice.
- If you want to study cumulative GH axis effects over days (sustained IGF-1 elevation, body composition changes in animal models, chronic GHRHR stimulation), the DAC variant is the practical choice.
Using the wrong variant for your study question will produce confounded or uninterpretable results. This is also why data from one variant cannot be directly compared to data from the other without careful methodological accounting.
IGF-1 as the Research Endpoint
Because GH is released in pulses and is hard to measure reproducibly with single time-point sampling, IGF-1 is the standard primary endpoint in most CJC-1295 animal model studies. After CJC-1295 with DAC administration, IGF-1 elevation in rodent models typically peaks at 24 to 48 hours and remains above baseline for 2 to 4 days. For the no-DAC variant, IGF-1 peaks around 6 to 12 hours and returns to baseline within 24 hours.
Published Research Highlights
The following peer-reviewed studies form the core of what is known about CJC-1295 in research models. Researchers new to this compound should start here.
Teichman et al. (2006) — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
This landmark study published foundational pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on CJC-1295 with DAC, demonstrating that a single administration produced measurable GH and IGF-1 elevation persisting for more than six days. It established the basic PK parameters that have since guided preclinical research designs.
Ionescu and Frohman (2006) — Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
This study addressed a key concern in the field: whether sustained GHRHR stimulation by a long-acting analog would blunt or eliminate natural GH pulsatility. The finding was that pulsatile GH secretion was preserved during continuous CJC-1295 exposure, suggesting the pituitary maintains its natural episodic behavior even under chronic GHRHR agonism.
Alba et al. (2006) — American Journal of Physiology
Using GHRH-knockout mice, which lack functional GHRH gene expression and display severely suppressed IGF-1 levels, this study showed that once-daily CJC-1295 with DAC administration normalized both growth rate and serum IGF-1 to levels comparable to wild-type control animals. This validated CJC-1295 as a functional replacement for endogenous GHRH in animal model systems.
Where CJC-1295 Fits in Endocrine Research
CJC-1295 is not a single-use tool. Its applications span several research domains, all related to the biology of the GH/IGF-1 axis:
GH Axis Pharmacology — Studying how the GHRH receptor works, what controls GH secretion, and how the pituitary responds to various stimuli.
Body Composition Research — Animal model studies examining how sustained GH/IGF-1 axis stimulation affects lean mass and adipose tissue distribution.
Bone Biology — Investigating how GH axis activity influences osteoblast function, bone mineral density markers, and bone turnover in rodent models.
GH Deficiency Models — Using CJC-1295 to restore GH axis function in GHRH-knockout mice or other animal models of GH deficiency.
Aging and Somatopause Research — Studying whether restoring GH axis activity in aged animal models attenuates age-associated changes in body composition or metabolic markers.
Combination Peptide Research — Pairing CJC-1295 (as a GHRHR agonist) with GH secretagogues like ipamorelin (which activates the separate ghrelin/GHS-R pathway) to study dual-pathway GH axis stimulation.
CJC-1295 vs. Other GHRH Analogs: Knowing the Field
CJC-1295 is not the only GHRH analog available for research. The most commonly compared compound is sermorelin.
Sermorelin is a first-generation GHRH(1-29) analog. It lacks the DPP-IV-resistant modifications of CJC-1295 and is cleared within 1 to 2 minutes in biological systems. This makes it useful for studies where rapid clearance is desired or where the DPP-IV cleavage mechanism itself is the object of study. Sermorelin has a longer publication history and serves as the benchmark compound in many established GH stimulation protocols.
CJC-1295 offers significant advantages over sermorelin when sustained or DPP-IV-resistant GHRH receptor stimulation is needed, but sermorelin remains a valid research tool in its own right.
Researchers should note that results from sermorelin studies and CJC-1295 studies are not directly interchangeable due to their dramatically different pharmacokinetic profiles.
The History of CJC-1295: A Quick Timeline
Understanding where CJC-1295 came from helps contextualize what it is and why it was designed the way it was.
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1982 | GHRH isolated from pancreatic tumor tissue by Guillemin; GHRH(1-29) identified as the biologically active domain |
| 1989 | DPP-IV cleavage of GHRH characterized in detail by Frohman et al. |
| 1997 | Sermorelin approved by FDA for pediatric GH deficiency diagnosis |
| Late 1990s | DPP-IV-resistant GHRH analogs developed using Aib and other stabilizing substitutions |
| 2001 to 2004 | ConjuChem develops the Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) platform and applies it to produce CJC-1295 |
| 2006 | Teichman et al., Ionescu and Frohman, and Alba et al. all publish foundational CJC-1295 research data |
| 2006 to present | CJC-1295 becomes an established tool in preclinical GH axis research literature |
Quality Control: What Separates Reliable Research Peptides from the Rest
This is not a trivial topic. The reproducibility of any CJC-1295 study depends entirely on the quality and accurate characterization of the compound being used. Poor-quality peptides introduce errors that no amount of statistical analysis can correct.
What a Research-Grade CJC-1295 COA Should Include
A Certificate of Analysis (COA) from a reputable supplier should document the following for every lot:
- HPLC Purity: At minimum 98% for research use, with the full chromatogram available
- Mass Spectrometry (MS) Confirmation: Molecular weight match to the theoretical value (approximately 3,647 Da for the DAC variant, approximately 3,367 Da for the no-DAC variant)
- Endotoxin Level: Below 1 EU/mg for cell culture or animal study use
- Moisture Content: Typically below 8% for lyophilized preparations
- Lot Number: Tied specifically to the vial received, not a generic document
Third-Party Testing vs. In-House Testing
A COA issued by the same company that synthesized the peptide represents a potential conflict of interest. Independent, third-party analytical testing by an accredited laboratory provides a higher level of assurance. When evaluating suppliers, always ask whether testing is performed in-house or by an independent laboratory, and whether the testing laboratory is identified on the COA.
At Palmetto Peptides, all CJC-1295 products are tested by an independent third-party laboratory. Lot-specific COA documentation is available directly from each product listing.
Storage and Handling in the Laboratory
CJC-1295 research peptides require proper handling to maintain compound integrity and ensure experimental validity.
Lyophilized (Freeze-Dried) Peptide
- Store at -20 degrees Celsius or below for long-term storage
- Keep in a dark, dry environment away from moisture and light
- Allow the vial to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation
- Use desiccant packets in storage containers to manage humidity
- For the DAC variant specifically: avoid thiol-containing buffers (DTT, BME, glutathione), which will react with the maleimide group and inactivate the DAC modification
Reconstituted Solution
- Preferred vehicle: bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) for extended stability
- Store at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius after reconstitution
- Use within 14 to 28 days with bacteriostatic water
- Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles; aliquot into single-use volumes before storing
- Discard any solution showing cloudiness, particulates, or unexpected color change
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin in Combined Research Protocols
One of the most frequently studied combinations in GH axis research is CJC-1295 paired with ipamorelin. They are worth understanding together.
The core logic is this: CJC-1295 activates the GHRH receptor (one pathway for GH release). Ipamorelin activates the ghrelin receptor, formally called GHS-R1a (a completely separate pathway for GH release). Because these two pathways use different receptor systems and different intracellular signaling mechanisms, activating both at the same time can produce GH release that exceeds what either compound achieves individually.
Animal model and cell-based research supports a synergistic or supraadditive GH response when both pathways are engaged simultaneously. Ipamorelin is specifically preferred over other GH secretagogues in stack research because of its high receptor selectivity; it does not significantly elevate cortisol or prolactin in animal models, making it easier to study GH-specific effects without neuroendocrine confounders.
In combination research protocols, CJC-1295 without DAC is the more commonly used variant because its shorter half-life more closely mimics the pulsatile, episodic nature of endogenous GHRH, creating a more physiological GH release pattern when combined with ipamorelin.
Reconstitution and Preparation: A Brief Overview
Proper reconstitution is where experimental precision begins. The key principles for CJC-1295:
- Verify the COA fill weight before calculating your target concentration. Do not assume the labeled amount matches actual peptide mass.
- Use bacteriostatic water as the standard reconstitution vehicle unless your protocol specifically requires otherwise.
- Direct solvent against the glass wall of the vial during addition, not onto the lyophilized powder cake. This prevents foam formation and potential denaturation.
- Gently swirl to dissolve. Do not vortex or shake; mechanical agitation causes aggregation.
- Inspect visually before proceeding. A properly reconstituted solution is clear and colorless. Cloudiness or particulate matter means the solution should not be used.
For the DAC variant, never use DTT, BME, or other thiol-containing reagents in the reconstitution vehicle, as these will inactivate the albumin-binding maleimide group.
Sourcing CJC-1295 for Your Laboratory
The research peptide supply market is not uniformly regulated, which means quality varies considerably between suppliers. When sourcing CJC-1295, the most important questions to ask are:
- Does the supplier provide lot-specific COAs tied to the exact batch you receive?
- Is testing performed by an independent third-party laboratory, or in-house?
- Does the COA include both HPLC purity (at least 98%) and MS identity confirmation?
- Is endotoxin testing included for preparations intended for cell or animal studies?
- Can you request lot-reserved bulk quantities for multi-month studies that require consistent material?
Suppliers who cannot answer these questions clearly or who provide only generic, non-lot-specific documentation are not meeting the quality standard that serious research demands.
Palmetto Peptides provides both CJC-1295 with DAC and CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) with independent third-party testing, lot-specific COA documentation, and transparent analytical data on every product listing.
Supporting Research Articles
- Mechanism of Action of CJC-1295
- CJC-1295 DAC vs No DAC: Key Differences
- IGF-1 Responses in CJC-1295 Research
- Reconstitution Protocols for CJC-1295
- Storing and Handling CJC-1295 Research Peptides
- CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin Stack Research
- Quality Control and Purity Testing for CJC-1295
- CJC-1295 in Metabolic and Endocrine Research
- CJC-1295 Pharmacokinetics and Half-Life
- CJC-1295 vs Sermorelin
- Sourcing High-Purity CJC-1295 for Research
- Development History of CJC-1295
Frequently Asked Questions
What is CJC-1295 used for in research? CJC-1295 is used in preclinical laboratory research to study the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor and the broader GH/IGF-1 axis. Research applications include GH axis pharmacology, body composition studies in animal models, GH deficiency models, aging-related endocrine research, and combination peptide protocols. It is not approved for human or veterinary use.
What is the difference between CJC-1295 with DAC and without DAC? Both variants activate the GHRH receptor, but the DAC variant includes a modification that allows it to bind serum albumin, dramatically extending its half-life to 2 to 8 days in animal models. The no-DAC variant (Mod GRF 1-29) has a half-life of approximately 20 to 30 minutes and produces shorter, more pulsatile GH responses. They are not interchangeable in research protocols.
Is CJC-1295 the same as Mod GRF 1-29? CJC-1295 without DAC is often called Modified GRF 1-29 or Mod GRF 1-29 in the research literature. These terms refer to the same DPP-IV-resistant GHRH analog backbone without the albumin-binding modification. CJC-1295 with DAC includes the additional maleimide-albumin binding group.
What purity should research-grade CJC-1295 have? Research-grade CJC-1295 should be at minimum 98% pure by HPLC, confirmed by mass spectrometry identity verification. For mechanistic or cell signaling studies where impurity effects could confound results, 99% or greater purity is preferred. Always request a lot-specific COA from your supplier.
Can CJC-1295 be used in combination with other research peptides? Yes. CJC-1295 is commonly studied in combination with GH secretagogues such as ipamorelin. Because CJC-1295 activates the GHRH receptor and ipamorelin activates the separate ghrelin/GHS-R pathway, their combination has been shown in animal models to produce synergistic or amplified GH responses compared to either compound alone.
How should CJC-1295 be stored in the laboratory? Lyophilized CJC-1295 should be stored at -20 degrees Celsius or below, in a dark, dry environment, protected from moisture and light. Once reconstituted in bacteriostatic water, it should be stored at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius and used within 14 to 28 days. The DAC variant must never be exposed to thiol-containing buffers, which will inactivate the albumin-binding modification.
How does CJC-1295 differ from sermorelin? Both are GHRH analogs that bind the GHRHR, but sermorelin lacks the DPP-IV-resistant modifications of CJC-1295 and has a plasma half-life of only 1 to 2 minutes. CJC-1295 without DAC provides roughly 20 to 30 minutes of activity; the DAC variant provides days. Results from sermorelin studies and CJC-1295 studies are not directly comparable without careful accounting for these pharmacokinetic differences.
Is CJC-1295 approved for human use? No. CJC-1295 is not approved by the FDA or any other regulatory authority for human or veterinary use. It is available exclusively for qualified laboratory research. Palmetto Peptides sells CJC-1295 solely for research purposes in compliance with all applicable laws.
What downstream effects does CJC-1295 produce in animal models? In animal model research, CJC-1295 administration produces elevated circulating GH and, downstream, increased serum IGF-1 levels. The magnitude and duration of these effects depends on the variant used, dose, species, and experimental conditions. In GHRH-knockout mouse studies, CJC-1295 with DAC has been shown to normalize IGF-1 and growth rate to wild-type levels.
How is IGF-1 used as a research biomarker for CJC-1295 studies? Because GH is secreted in pulses and is difficult to measure reproducibly from single time-point samples, researchers use serum IGF-1 as the primary biomarker reflecting cumulative GH axis activity. IGF-1 has a half-life of 15 to 20 hours, making it far more stable and reproducible as an endpoint than GH itself.
Summary
CJC-1295 is a synthetic GHRH analog designed for laboratory research use, featuring tetrasubstituted amino acid modifications that resist enzymatic degradation and, in the DAC variant, an albumin-binding modification that extends its half-life from minutes to days. It activates the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells, triggering a well-characterized cAMP-PKA-calcium signaling cascade that drives GH synthesis and secretion. GH in turn stimulates IGF-1 production in the liver, the primary biomarker used to track CJC-1295 activity in animal studies.
Two variants exist for distinct research applications: the DAC variant for sustained GH axis stimulation studies, and the no-DAC variant for acute pulsatile GH research and combination protocols. Both require high-purity, third-party-tested sourcing, proper lyophilized storage, and careful reconstitution technique to produce reliable experimental results.
Palmetto Peptides provides both variants with independent third-party analytical documentation, giving research laboratories the quality assurance foundation their work demands.
References
- Teichman SL, et al. "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805.
- Ionescu M, Frohman LA. "Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone analog." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;91(12):4792-4797.
- Alba M, et al. "Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse." American Journal of Physiology. 2006;291(6):E1290-E1294.
- Guillemin R, et al. "Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly." Science. 1982;218(4572):585-587.
- Frohman LA, Downs TR, Heimer EP, Felix AM. "Dipeptidylpeptidase IV and trypsin-like enzymatic degradation of human growth hormone-releasing hormone in plasma." Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1989;83(5):1533-1540.
- Howard AD, et al. "A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release." Science. 1996;273(5277):974-977.
- Petersenn S, et al. "Structure and regulation of the human growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor gene." Molecular Endocrinology. 1998;12(2):233-247.
- Giustina A, Veldhuis JD. "Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human." Endocrine Reviews. 1998;19(6):717-797.
- Bowers CY, et al. "Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue." European Journal of Endocrinology. 1998;139(5):552-561.
- Le Roith D, et al. "The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001." Endocrine Reviews. 2001;22(1):53-74.
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Author: Palmetto Peptides Research Team Last Updated: June 2025
Research-grade CJC-1295 is available from Palmetto Peptides for qualified laboratory researchers.