Palmetto Peptides Guide to the Research Peptide PT-141 (Bremelanotide)
Palmetto Peptides Guide to the Research Peptide PT-141 (Bremelanotide)
Last Updated: January 15, 2025
Research Use Only — Important Disclaimer: PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is sold exclusively for in vitro laboratory and preclinical scientific research. It is not intended for human or veterinary use, self-administration, diagnosis, or treatment of any condition. All information on this page is provided for educational and scientific reference only. Researchers are solely responsible for ensuring their use of this compound complies with all applicable federal, state, and institutional regulations. Nothing here constitutes medical advice.
PT-141, also known by its international nonproprietary name Bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide that has become one of the more studied melanocortin receptor tool compounds in preclinical research. It was derived structurally from Melanotan II, which itself traces back to research programs aimed at creating stable, potent analogs of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). For laboratory researchers working with the melanocortin system, PT-141 represents a well-characterized reference compound with documented receptor binding affinity at MC3R and MC4R subtypes, a published pharmacological profile, and a structural stability that makes it practical to work with in in vitro assay settings.
This guide brings together everything a laboratory scientist needs to know about PT-141 as a research tool: its origins, chemistry, receptor pharmacology, reconstitution and storage requirements, quality standards, regulatory context, and how it fits into the broader landscape of melanocortin peptide research.
Table of Contents
- What Is PT-141 and Why Is It Used in Research?
- PT-141 Origins: From Alpha-MSH to Bremelanotide
- Chemical Structure and Molecular Properties
- How PT-141 Works: Melanocortin Receptor Mechanism
- PT-141 vs Melanotan II: Key Research Differences
- Reconstituting PT-141 for In Vitro Work
- Storage and Stability Guidelines
- Purity Standards and Quality Verification
- Legal and Regulatory Framework in the US
- Lab Handling Best Practices
- In Vitro Assay Applications
- Structure-Activity Relationships and Analog Research
- Buying PT-141: What to Evaluate
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Citations
What Is PT-141 and Why Is It Used in Research?
PT-141 (Bremelanotide, CAS 189691-06-3) is a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist used as a tool compound in preclinical and in vitro research. Its molecular formula is C50H69N15O10 and its molecular weight is approximately 1025.18 g/mol. It is supplied as a white to off-white lyophilized powder and is water-soluble at research-relevant concentrations.
Researchers use PT-141 primarily because of its activity at MC3R and MC4R melanocortin receptor subtypes, its structural stability in biological assay matrices, and the depth of published pharmacological characterization available to benchmark experimental results. Its cyclic lactam architecture and incorporation of non-standard amino acids (norleucine, D-phenylalanine) give it improved resistance to enzymatic degradation compared to linear melanocortin peptides, making it more tractable in cell-based and biochemical assay conditions.
In plain terms: PT-141 is a well-built, well-understood research tool for scientists who need to probe the melanocortin receptor system in the laboratory. It is not a drug, supplement, or pharmaceutical product. It is a research-grade compound sold strictly for qualified laboratory use.
Key identifiers at a glance:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Common Name | PT-141 |
| INN | Bremelanotide |
| CAS Number | 189691-06-3 |
| Molecular Formula | C50H69N15O10 |
| Molecular Weight | ~1025.18 g/mol |
| Peptide Type | Cyclic lactam heptapeptide |
| Primary Receptors (in vitro) | MC3R, MC4R |
| Research Grade Purity | >=98% by HPLC |
| Supplied As | Lyophilized powder |
| Recommended Storage | -20°C (short-term) / -80°C (long-term) |
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PT-141 Origins: From Alpha-MSH to Bremelanotide
Understanding where PT-141 came from helps researchers interpret its pharmacological profile and place published preclinical data in context.
The story starts with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), a naturally occurring 13-amino acid peptide derived from the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Alpha-MSH activates melanocortin receptors across multiple tissues and was recognized decades ago as a potent regulator of pigmentation and other biological processes in animal models. The problem with alpha-MSH as a research tool was practical: it degrades rapidly in biological samples because proteolytic enzymes can easily cleave its linear backbone.
Researchers at the University of Arizona, led in part by Dr. Victor Hruby, tackled this limitation through systematic peptide analog design. Their goal was to create alpha-MSH analogs that retained or improved receptor binding while resisting enzymatic degradation. This work produced Melanotan I (afamelanotide) and then Melanotan II (MT-II), a cyclic heptapeptide with dramatically improved potency and stability. MT-II incorporated a lactam bridge between side chains, a D-amino acid at a key position, and norleucine in place of the oxidation-prone methionine in the parent sequence.
PT-141 emerged from further structural modification of MT-II. The primary chemical change was at the C-terminal group: MT-II carries a C-terminal amide (-NH2), while PT-141 carries a free C-terminal carboxyl (-OH). This seemingly small modification shifts the receptor selectivity profile, particularly reducing activity at MC1R relative to MT-II. The result is a compound better suited for research applications focused on MC3R and MC4R biology without the confound of concurrent pigmentation-pathway activation through MC1R.
For a complete account of this developmental lineage, see: History of PT-141 Research Peptide: From Melanotan II Discoveries to Modern Laboratory Applications
Chemical Structure and Molecular Properties
PT-141's amino acid sequence is:
Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-OH
Breaking this down for researchers who may be less familiar with peptide notation:
- Ac = N-terminal acetyl group
- Nle = Norleucine, substituted for methionine to eliminate oxidation vulnerability
- cyclo[...] = The residues within brackets form a cyclic lactam ring through a bond between the Asp side-chain carboxyl and the Lys side-chain amine
- D-Phe = D-phenylalanine, whose stereochemical inversion enhances receptor affinity and protease resistance
- -OH = Free C-terminal carboxyl (distinguishes PT-141 from MT-II's -NH2)
The cyclic lactam bridge is the structural feature that does the most work here. By covalently connecting two side chains within the peptide, it locks the backbone into a conformation that presents the core pharmacophore (His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp) to melanocortin receptors in a geometry optimized for binding. A linear peptide with the same sequence would be more flexible, harder to orient precisely at the receptor binding site, and far more susceptible to proteolytic cleavage.
PT-141 has a net positive charge at physiological pH (7.4) due to the preponderance of basic residues (His, Arg, Lys), which influences its behavior in ion-exchange systems and its solubility characteristics.
For a complete technical reference including spectroscopic identification methods and molar calculation examples, see: PT-141 Chemical Structure, Sequence, and Molecular Properties for Research Use
How PT-141 Works: Melanocortin Receptor Mechanism
PT-141 acts as an agonist at melanocortin receptors, a family of five G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) designated MC1R through MC5R. Each subtype has a distinct anatomical expression pattern and research role in animal models. PT-141's primary research-relevant targets are MC3R and MC4R.
A quick map of the melanocortin receptor family:
| Receptor | Key Expression Sites | Research Context |
|---|---|---|
| MC1R | Melanocytes, immune cells | Pigmentation, anti-inflammatory signaling |
| MC2R | Adrenal cortex | ACTH binding; steroidogenesis in rodent models |
| MC3R | Hypothalamus, limbic regions | Energy homeostasis, autonomic function research |
| MC4R | Hypothalamus, brainstem, spinal cord | Energy balance, autonomic output in animal models |
| MC5R | Exocrine glands | Secretion research |
When PT-141 binds MC3R or MC4R in an in vitro system, it triggers a cascade through the canonical Gs-cAMP signaling pathway:
- PT-141 occupies the receptor's orthosteric binding site
- The activated receptor catalyzes GTP loading on the Gs protein alpha subunit
- Gs-alpha activates adenylyl cyclase
- Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP), elevating intracellular cAMP levels
- cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA)
- PKA phosphorylates downstream targets including the transcription factor CREB
In simpler terms: PT-141 binds to the receptor, which sends a chemical signal inside the cell by elevating cAMP, which then sets off a chain of effects that researchers can measure in assay systems. Think of it like a key turning a lock, which then starts a sequence of machinery inside the cell.
Beyond this canonical pathway, PT-141 also engages beta-arrestin-mediated signaling, which drives receptor desensitization and internalization over time. Researchers running time-course experiments should account for this desensitization in their assay design.
For a complete mechanistic breakdown including assay design implications and signaling diagrams, see: PT-141 Mechanism of Action as a Melanocortin Receptor Agonist in Preclinical Research
PT-141 vs Melanotan II: Key Research Differences
Researchers frequently need to choose between PT-141 and Melanotan II (MT-II) as tool compounds for melanocortin system experiments. These compounds are structurally related but pharmacologically distinct in ways that matter for experimental design.
The core difference: MT-II is a broad melanocortin receptor agonist with significant activity at MC1R, MC3R, and MC4R. PT-141 shows reduced MC1R activity while maintaining high affinity at MC3R and MC4R. This relative selectivity makes PT-141 more appropriate when researchers want to probe MC3R or MC4R-mediated biology without simultaneously activating MC1R-dependent pigmentation pathways.
Structural difference summary:
| Feature | PT-141 (Bremelanotide) | Melanotan II (MT-II) |
|---|---|---|
| C-terminus | Free carboxyl (-OH) | Amide (-NH2) |
| MC1R activity | Lower | Higher |
| MC3R activity | High | High |
| MC4R activity | High | High |
| CAS number | 189691-06-3 | 121062-08-6 |
When to use MT-II instead: For experiments requiring broad melanocortin receptor activation or where MC1R engagement is the research question, MT-II is the more appropriate tool. For MC4R-specific CNS receptor research in vitro, PT-141 provides a cleaner pharmacological signal.
The two compounds also work well as a paired comparison set. Running both at equipotent MC4R concentrations allows researchers to assess the contribution of MC1R to any observed cellular response.
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For a detailed side-by-side comparison including receptor potency data and experimental design guidance, see: PT-141 vs Melanotan II: Comparative Analysis for Research Peptide Applications
Reconstituting PT-141 for In Vitro Work
PT-141 is supplied as a lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. Before use in any assay, it needs to be reconstituted into solution. Done correctly, this step produces a stable, accurately concentrated stock that performs consistently. Done carelessly, it introduces concentration errors that undermine weeks of downstream work.
Solvent options: - Sterile water (WFI): Best for most concentrations up to 1 mg/mL - Bacteriostatic water: For multi-use vials accessed repeatedly - 0.1-1% acetic acid in sterile water: For higher concentrations or lots that resist water dissolution
The steps that matter before adding any solvent:
Allow the sealed vial to equilibrate to room temperature for 15 to 30 minutes before opening. Opening a cold vial in a room-temperature laboratory causes condensation that can pre-wet the lyophilized powder before you intend to reconstitute it. Then briefly centrifuge the still-closed vial at 5,000 to 10,000 rpm for 15 to 30 seconds to consolidate powder at the base and minimize the risk of losing material when the cap is removed.
Dissolution technique: Add solvent gently against the vial wall rather than directly onto the powder. Roll the vial gently between your palms. Do not vortex vigorously since this causes foaming and can promote peptide aggregation.
Molar concentration reference: - 1 mg/mL PT-141 = approximately 0.975 mM - For a 1 mM stock: add 1.025 mL per mg of peptide
After reconstitution: Aliquot immediately into single-use volumes and freeze at -20°C or -80°C. The few minutes spent aliquoting at this stage eliminates the freeze-thaw degradation problem for the entire life of that lot.
For the complete step-by-step protocol including troubleshooting and worked concentration examples, see: Step-by-Step Guide to Reconstituting PT-141 Research Peptide for In Vitro Experiments
Storage and Stability Guidelines
Proper storage is not optional for research peptide work. Degraded PT-141 may still look like PT-141 in solution, but it will underperform in assays, shift dose-response curves, and introduce variability that is nearly impossible to troubleshoot without analytical verification.
PT-141 Storage Quick Reference:
| Form | Condition | Expected Stability |
|---|---|---|
| Lyophilized powder | -80°C, dark, sealed | 2-3 years |
| Lyophilized powder | -20°C, dark, sealed | Up to 12 months |
| Reconstituted solution | -80°C (single-use aliquots) | 6-12 months |
| Reconstituted solution | -20°C (single-use aliquots) | 1-3 months |
| Reconstituted solution | 4°C, sealed, dark | 1-2 weeks |
The three rules that matter most:
Aliquot before freezing. Single-use aliquots eliminate freeze-thaw degradation entirely. This is the single highest-impact habit in research peptide storage management.
Keep away from light. PT-141 contains tryptophan, which is susceptible to photo-oxidation from UV and visible light. Store in opaque containers or foil-wrapped tubes, and minimize bench-top light exposure during handling.
Maintain appropriate pH in solution. Target pH 5.5-7.0 for aqueous reconstituted stocks. Alkaline conditions accelerate degradation of sensitive residues.
For complete stability data, degradation pathway explanations, and a printable quick-reference card, see: Optimal Storage Conditions and Stability of PT-141 Research Peptide in Laboratory Settings
Purity Standards and Quality Verification
The research peptide market varies widely in quality. What is labeled "PT-141" at one supplier may contain substantially more impurities or degradation products than what is labeled the same at another. For receptor pharmacology research where EC50 values need to be reproducible and comparable to published benchmarks, compound quality is the starting point for everything else.
What research-grade PT-141 should include:
- HPLC purity >=98% by reversed-phase C18 analysis (area under curve)
- Mass spectrometry identity confirmation with expected [M+H]+ approximately 1026.2 m/z
- Certificate of Analysis (COA) available before or at purchase, lot-specific
- Net peptide content reported separately from gross weight
Why net peptide content matters in plain terms: The gross weight of a lyophilized peptide vial includes counter-ions, residual water, and other lyophilization materials in addition to the actual PT-141 molecules. Net peptide content (typically 75-90% of gross weight) is what you are actually dosing. If you reconstitute assuming 100% net peptide when the actual figure is 80%, every concentration you calculate from that stock is overestimated by 20%, and every EC50 you report is systematically off by the same margin.
Red flags when evaluating a supplier: - No COA available before purchase - HPLC purity below 98% with no pricing adjustment - No mass spectrometry data on the COA - Net peptide content not reported - Vague or missing lot numbers
For a complete supplier evaluation framework and in-house verification methods, see: Ensuring Purity and Quality When Purchasing PT-141 Research Peptides: What to Look For
Legal and Regulatory Framework in the US
Researchers sourcing PT-141 for legitimate laboratory work need a clear understanding of its regulatory status. The key points:
PT-141 is not a DEA-scheduled controlled substance. It does not appear on any DEA schedule as of the most recent updates. No DEA registration is required for purchase or possession for laboratory research purposes.
The "Research Use Only" (RUO) designation is legally meaningful. This communicates that PT-141 is sold for laboratory research applications only, not for therapeutic, diagnostic, or clinical use. The FDA regulates the distribution of unapproved drugs intended for human use, and the RUO designation clarifies the nature of the transaction. This protection only applies when the product is actually used for legitimate research. Using a RUO compound for self-administration or any non-research purpose eliminates any legal protection of the RUO designation.
IACUC oversight applies to animal research. Any use of PT-141 in vertebrate animal studies requires Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval and compliance with the Animal Welfare Act and PHS policies.
State laws vary. Some states have enacted their own research chemical legislation that may be more restrictive than federal frameworks. Researchers should verify applicable state statutes for their jurisdiction before purchasing.
For a complete regulatory discussion including an institutional compliance checklist, see: Legal and Regulatory Considerations for Buying PT-141 and Other Research Peptides in the US
Lab Handling Best Practices
Good data starts with consistent, careful technique. These principles apply throughout the PT-141 laboratory workflow:
On receipt: Review and file the COA before anything else. Verify the lot number on the vial matches the COA. Record receipt date in your laboratory notebook.
Aseptic technique: Work in a laminar flow hood or biosafety cabinet for all reconstitution and dilution steps. Use sterile single-use plasticware. Barrier filter tips protect your pipettes from aerosol contamination.
Pipette calibration: A commonly overlooked source of concentration error. Pipettes delivering 5-10% less volume than their set point produce systematic EC50 shifts across all experiments. Verify calibration on schedule and use gravimetric verification (weighing the dispensed volume) for critical stock preparation steps.
Adsorption prevention: At concentrations below approximately 100-500 nM, PT-141 can adsorb to standard plastic tube walls, reducing effective working concentration below the calculated value. Use low-protein-binding polypropylene tubes and pre-wet pipette tips before drawing up dilute solutions.
Working dilutions: Prepare fresh on the day of each assay. Pre-diluted solutions stored overnight accumulate adsorption, degradation, and contamination variability.
Documentation: Record lot number, reconstitution date, solvent, concentration, and aliquot identifiers on every relevant notebook page and plate map. Two minutes of documentation prevents hours of root-cause analysis later.
For a complete lab workflow checklist and common pitfall avoidance table, see: Best Practices for Handling and Preparing PT-141 Research Peptide in the Lab
In Vitro Assay Applications
PT-141 is used in several standard in vitro assay formats for melanocortin receptor research:
Competitive radioligand binding: [125I]-NDP-alpha-MSH displacement at MC3R or MC4R membrane preparations. Produces a Ki value reflecting receptor binding affinity. Expected values are in the low to sub-nanomolar range at MC4R in published assays.
cAMP accumulation (functional agonist potency): HTRF, AlphaScreen, or biosensor readouts in MC3R/MC4R-transfected HEK293 or CHO cells. Produces EC50 and Emax characterizing agonist potency and efficacy. Include IBMX (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) in the stimulation buffer to amplify the cAMP signal. This is the most common quantitative application of PT-141 in melanocortin pharmacology.
Beta-arrestin recruitment: PathHunter, BRET, or NanoBiT formats. Characterizes PT-141's biased signaling profile at MC4R alongside cAMP data. Relevant for SAR programs investigating biased agonism at this receptor.
Receptor internalization: ELISA-based surface receptor quantification, flow cytometry, or confocal imaging with fluorescently tagged MC4R. Characterizes desensitization and trafficking driven by PT-141 exposure.
Control compounds: NDP-alpha-MSH or MT-II as positive agonist controls. SHU9119 as MC3R/MC4R antagonist to confirm receptor-mediated signaling.
For full assay protocols, concentration ranges, expected results, and control design recommendations, see: Using PT-141 in Radioligand Binding and Cell-Based Receptor Assays: A Research Applications Guide
Structure-Activity Relationships and Analog Research
For researchers using PT-141 as a scaffold for analog development or interpreting published SAR data, understanding which structural features drive receptor binding and selectivity is foundational.
The pharmacophore (the core you cannot change):
The binding-critical sequence is His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp, the four central residues responsible for melanocortin receptor recognition. This sequence is conserved across all active cyclic melanocortin analogs. Modifications to any of these four residues almost always reduce or abolish binding:
- His: Side-chain imidazole provides critical hydrogen bonding in the receptor binding pocket
- D-Phe: The D-stereochemistry is required for high-affinity binding; L-Phe dramatically reduces activity
- Arg: Guanidinium group makes essential electrostatic contacts; loss of positive charge at this position severely reduces affinity across all MCR subtypes
- Trp: Indole contacts critical for MC4R engagement; modifications here can shift MC3R vs. MC4R selectivity
What structural changes can be explored:
The C-terminal group (amide vs. carboxyl) affects MC1R selectivity. Modifications at the Trp position can shift MC3R/MC4R selectivity ratios. The Nle substitution at position 4 is a stability-preserving change that can be retained in most analog designs without activity cost.
Agonist to antagonist: SHU9119, the widely used MC3R/MC4R antagonist, was derived by specific modifications to this same cyclic scaffold, demonstrating that the pharmacological outcome is structurally tunable within the PT-141/MT-II framework.
For a complete SAR review including selectivity engineering principles and implications for assay compound selection, see: PT-141 Structure-Activity Relationships: How Molecular Modifications Affect Melanocortin Receptor Research Outcomes
Buying PT-141: What to Evaluate
Supplier selection directly affects research data quality. These criteria separate research-grade sources from commodity vendors.
Non-negotiables before ordering: - COA with HPLC purity >=98% available before purchase, lot-specific - Mass spectrometry identity confirmation on the COA - Net peptide content reported separately from gross vial weight - Research Use Only labeling with no human-use claims - Cold-chain shipping for lyophilized peptides
Questions worth asking any supplier before committing: - "Can I see the COA for this specific lot before ordering?" - "What is the net peptide content for this lot?" - "What MS method was used for identity confirmation?" - "How do you ship lyophilized peptides?"
A supplier who can answer these questions clearly and promptly is demonstrating the compound knowledge consistent with quality research peptide supply.
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For a complete pre-order evaluation checklist and pricing signal guidance, see: PT-141 Research Peptide Buyer's Guide: What to Evaluate Before You Order
Summary
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a structurally defined, pharmacologically characterized cyclic heptapeptide that fills a specific niche in melanocortin receptor research: an MC3R/MC4R-preferring agonist with better subtype selectivity than the related compound MT-II, structural stability superior to linear melanocortin peptides, and a published preclinical literature deep enough to benchmark new experimental data against.
Used correctly, sourced at >=98% purity with verified identity, reconstituted with appropriate technique, stored under the right conditions, and run in well-controlled assay systems, PT-141 is a reliable and productive research tool. The distinction between reliable and unreliable results comes down almost entirely to how seriously a research program treats compound quality and handling.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is PT-141 used for in research? PT-141 is used as an MC3R/MC4R melanocortin receptor agonist tool compound in preclinical and in vitro research, primarily in radioligand binding, cAMP accumulation, and beta-arrestin recruitment assays. Sold exclusively for laboratory research use.
Q: What is the difference between PT-141 and Melanotan II? Both share a cyclic heptapeptide scaffold but differ at the C-terminus (free carboxyl vs. amide), which shifts receptor selectivity. MT-II is a broader agonist with significant MC1R activity; PT-141 is more selective for MC3R and MC4R.
Q: How should PT-141 be stored? Lyophilized at -20°C (up to 12 months) or -80°C (2-3 years). Reconstituted in single-use aliquots at -20°C (up to 3 months) or -80°C (up to 12 months). Store away from light.
Q: Is PT-141 legal to purchase in the US? Not DEA-scheduled. Legal for qualified laboratory researchers for legitimate research purposes. Not for human or veterinary use. Researchers must comply with applicable regulations.
Q: What purity should PT-141 have?
=98% by HPLC, with MS identity confirmation. Full COA required. Net peptide content reported separately from gross weight.
Q: What solvent should I use for reconstitution? Sterile water for most concentrations. Dilute acetic acid (0.1-1%) for higher concentrations. Bacteriostatic water for multi-use vials. Target pH 5.5-7.0.
Q: What melanocortin receptors does PT-141 bind? Primarily MC3R and MC4R in published in vitro assays, with lower MC1R activity compared to MT-II.
Q: What is the molecular weight of PT-141? Approximately 1025.18 g/mol, molecular formula C50H69N15O10. Confirm exact value from your lot's COA.
Related Products at Palmetto Peptides
- PT-141 (Bremelanotide) Research Peptide — the primary compound covered in this guide
- Melanotan II Research Peptide — closely related MC1R/MC3R/MC4R agonist for comparative research
- CJC-1295 Research Peptide — growth hormone-releasing hormone analog
- Ipamorelin Research Peptide — selective ghrelin receptor agonist
Supporting Articles in This Research Cluster
- History of PT-141 Research Peptide: From Melanotan II Discoveries to Modern Laboratory Applications
- PT-141 Chemical Structure, Sequence, and Molecular Properties for Research Use
- PT-141 Mechanism of Action as a Melanocortin Receptor Agonist in Preclinical Research
- Step-by-Step Guide to Reconstituting PT-141 Research Peptide for In Vitro Experiments
- Optimal Storage Conditions and Stability of PT-141 Research Peptide in Laboratory Settings
- PT-141 vs Melanotan II: Comparative Analysis for Research Peptide Applications
- Ensuring Purity and Quality When Purchasing PT-141 Research Peptides: What to Look For
- Legal and Regulatory Considerations for Buying PT-141 and Other Research Peptides in the US
- Best Practices for Handling and Preparing PT-141 Research Peptide in the Lab
- Using PT-141 in Radioligand Binding and Cell-Based Receptor Assays: A Research Applications Guide
- PT-141 Structure-Activity Relationships: How Molecular Modifications Affect Melanocortin Receptor Research Outcomes
- PT-141 Research Peptide Buyer's Guide: What to Evaluate Before You Order
Citations
Hadley ME, Dorr RT. "Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization." Peptides. 2006;27(4):921-930. PubMed
Hruby VJ, Lu D, Sharma SD, et al. "Cyclic lactam alpha-melanotropin analogues of Ac-Nle4-cyclo[Asp5,D-Phe7,Lys10] alpha-MSH-(4-10)-NH2." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1995;38(18):3454-3461.
Cone RD. "Studies on the physiological functions of the melanocortin system." Endocrine Reviews. 2006;27(7):736-749. PubMed
Wikberg JE, Mutulis F. "Targeting melanocortin receptors: an approach to treat weight disorders and sexual dysfunction." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2008;7(4):307-323.
Tao YX. "The melanocortin-4 receptor: physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology." Endocrine Reviews. 2010;31(4):506-543.
Haskell-Luevano C, Cone RD. "Melanocortin ligands: 30 years of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies." Medicinal Research Reviews. 2011;31(5):654-696.
Dorr RT, Lines R, Levine N, et al. "Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide." Life Sciences. 1996;58(20):1777-1784.
Wikberg JE. "Melanocortin receptors: new opportunities in drug discovery." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 2001;11(1):61-76.
Author: Palmetto Peptides Research Team
This guide is provided for educational and scientific reference only. PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is sold exclusively as a research peptide for qualified laboratory use. It is not intended for human or veterinary use, self-administration, or therapeutic application of any kind. Researchers are responsible for compliance with all applicable federal, state, and institutional regulations governing the use of research compounds.
Part of the PT-141 Research Guide — Palmetto Peptides comprehensive research resource.